Diabetes Vocabulary v1.0 Draft

Unified data format for diabetes and pre-diabetes management

Draft Status: This vocabulary is under active development and subject to change. We welcome feedback from stakeholders before finalizing the v1.0 stable release. Submit feedback

Overview

Namespace URI:
https://ns.cascadeprotocol.org/diabetes/v1#
Preferred Prefix:
diabetes:
Version:
1.0-draft
Status:
Draft
Imports:
cascade: (Core Vocabulary v1)
Schema File:
diabetes.ttl (Turtle/RDF)

The Diabetes Vocabulary provides a unified data format for representing diabetes and pre-diabetes management data from multiple sources: CGMs, glucose meters, insulin pumps, smart pens, and lifestyle tracking apps. It enables cross-device data aggregation and analysis while maintaining full provenance tracking.

Important: This vocabulary describes wellness tracking data, not clinical diagnostics. Treatment decisions should always be made in consultation with healthcare providers.
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Use Cases

  • Multi-Device Unification: Aggregate data from Dexcom, Libre, insulin pumps, and meters into one format
  • Time-in-Range Tracking: Calculate TIR, GMI, and variability metrics per ADA/EASD guidelines
  • Pattern Detection: Identify dawn phenomenon, post-prandial spikes, and exercise responses
  • Meal Impact Analysis: Correlate food intake with glucose responses
  • Provider Sharing: Export unified reports for healthcare provider review

Diabetes Classifications

diabetes:Type1

diabetes:DiabetesType

Autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing beta cells.

SNOMED CT: sct:46635009

diabetes:Type2

diabetes:DiabetesType

Insulin resistance with relative insulin deficiency.

SNOMED CT: sct:44054006

diabetes:Prediabetes

diabetes:DiabetesType

Impaired glucose tolerance or impaired fasting glucose.

SNOMED CT: sct:714628002

diabetes:GestationalDiabetes

diabetes:DiabetesType

Diabetes diagnosed during pregnancy.

SNOMED CT: sct:11687002

diabetes:LADA

diabetes:DiabetesType

Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults - slowly progressing autoimmune diabetes.

Measurement Classes

diabetes:GlucoseReading

owl:Class

Single blood glucose measurement from any source (CGM, finger stick, lab).

Subclass of: fhir:Observation, prov:Entity

LOINC: loinc:15074-8 (Glucose in Blood)

diabetes:GlucoseMeasurementType

owl:Class

Classification of how glucose was measured.

  • diabetes:CGMReading - Interstitial glucose from CGM sensor
  • diabetes:FingerStick - Capillary blood from test strip
  • diabetes:VenousLab - Laboratory plasma glucose

diabetes:CGMSession

owl:Class

A continuous glucose monitoring session (typically 10-14 days per sensor).

Subclass of: prov:Entity

diabetes:InsulinDose

owl:Class

Record of insulin delivery from pump, pen, or injection.

Subclass of: fhir:MedicationAdministration, prov:Entity

diabetes:CarbEntry

owl:Class

Record of carbohydrate intake for bolus calculation.

diabetes:MealEvent

owl:Class

Complete meal record with timing, macros, and context.

Glucose Reading Properties

diabetes:glucoseValue

owl:DatatypeProperty

Glucose concentration (see glucoseUnit for measurement unit).

Domain: diabetes:GlucoseReading

Range: xsd:double

diabetes:glucoseUnit

owl:DatatypeProperty

Unit of measurement: "mg/dL" (US) or "mmol/L" (international).

Domain: diabetes:GlucoseReading

Range: xsd:string

diabetes:trendArrow

owl:DatatypeProperty

CGM trend indicator: rapidlyFalling, falling, steady, rising, rapidlyRising.

Domain: diabetes:GlucoseReading

Range: xsd:string

diabetes:trendRate

owl:DatatypeProperty

Rate of glucose change (mg/dL/min or mmol/L/min).

Domain: diabetes:GlucoseReading

Range: xsd:double

Time in Range Metrics (ADA/EASD Consensus)

The diabetes:DailyGlucoseSummary class provides aggregated metrics following ADA/EASD consensus guidelines.

diabetes:timeInRange

owl:DatatypeProperty

Percentage of time glucose was 70-180 mg/dL. Target: >70%

Range: xsd:double (0-100)

diabetes:timeBelowRange

owl:DatatypeProperty

Percentage of time glucose was <70 mg/dL. Target: <4%

Range: xsd:double (0-100)

diabetes:timeAboveRange

owl:DatatypeProperty

Percentage of time glucose was >180 mg/dL. Target: <25%

Range: xsd:double (0-100)

diabetes:timeSeverelyLow

owl:DatatypeProperty

Percentage of time glucose was <54 mg/dL (dangerous). Target: <1%

Range: xsd:double (0-100)

diabetes:timeSeverelyHigh

owl:DatatypeProperty

Percentage of time glucose was >250 mg/dL (dangerous). Target: <5%

Range: xsd:double (0-100)

diabetes:timeInTightRange

owl:DatatypeProperty

Percentage of time glucose was 70-140 mg/dL (pregnancy target).

Range: xsd:double (0-100)

Variability Metrics

diabetes:meanGlucose

owl:DatatypeProperty

Average glucose value for the period.

Range: xsd:double

diabetes:standardDeviation

owl:DatatypeProperty

Glucose variability measure (lower is more stable).

Range: xsd:double

diabetes:coefficientOfVariation

owl:DatatypeProperty

CV = SD/Mean * 100. Target: <36% for stable glucose.

Range: xsd:double

diabetes:gmi

owl:DatatypeProperty

Glucose Management Indicator - estimated HbA1c from CGM data.

Formula: GMI = 3.31 + (0.02392 × mean glucose mg/dL)

Range: xsd:double

Pattern Detection

diabetes:GlucosePattern

owl:Class

Identified recurring pattern in glucose data.

diabetes:DawnPhenomenon

diabetes:PatternType

Early morning glucose rise (4-7 AM) due to hormonal changes.

diabetes:PostprandialSpike

diabetes:PatternType

Glucose rise 1-3 hours after meals.

diabetes:ExerciseResponse

diabetes:PatternType

Glucose changes during and after physical activity.

diabetes:NocturnalHypoglycemia

diabetes:PatternType

Low glucose during sleep (12-6 AM).

Hypo/Hyper Events

diabetes:HypoglycemicEvent

owl:Class

Episode of low blood glucose (<70 mg/dL).

SNOMED CT: sct:302866003

diabetes:HyperglycemicEvent

owl:Class

Episode of high blood glucose (>250 mg/dL).

SNOMED CT: sct:80394007

Lab Results

diabetes:HbA1cResult

owl:Class

Hemoglobin A1c test result (3-month glucose average).

LOINC: loinc:4548-4

diabetes:hba1cValue

owl:DatatypeProperty

HbA1c in percentage (NGSP/DCCT standard).

Range: xsd:double

diabetes:hba1cMmolMol

owl:DatatypeProperty

HbA1c in IFCC units (mmol/mol).

Range: xsd:double

Healthcare Standards Alignment

SNOMED CT Mappings

  • Type 1 Diabetes: sct:46635009
  • Type 2 Diabetes: sct:44054006
  • Pre-diabetes: sct:714628002
  • Gestational Diabetes: sct:11687002
  • Hypoglycemia: sct:302866003
  • Hyperglycemia: sct:80394007

LOINC Mappings

  • Glucose in Blood: loinc:15074-8
  • HbA1c: loinc:4548-4
  • Fasting Glucose: loinc:1558-6

FHIR Resources

  • diabetes:GlucoseReading → fhir:Observation
  • diabetes:InsulinDose → fhir:MedicationAdministration
  • diabetes:DiabetesProfile → fhir:Condition + fhir:CarePlan

Recommended Pod Storage Structure

/wellness/diabetes/
  profile.ttl                    # DiabetesProfile
  daily-summaries/
    2025-12-01.ttl               # DailyGlucoseSummary
    2025-12-02.ttl
  glucose-readings/
    2025-12-01.ttl               # Batch of GlucoseReadings
  insulin-doses/
    2025-12-01.ttl               # InsulinDose records
  meals/
    2025-12-01.ttl               # MealEvent/CarbEntry
  patterns/
    detected.ttl                 # GlucosePattern analysis
  events/
    hypo.ttl                     # HypoglycemicEvent log
    hyper.ttl                    # HyperglycemicEvent log
  labs/
    results.ttl                  # HbA1c and other labs

Usage Example

@prefix cascade: <https://ns.cascadeprotocol.org/core/v1#> .
@prefix diabetes: <https://ns.cascadeprotocol.org/diabetes/v1#> .
@prefix xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#> .
@prefix prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#> .

<#daily-summary-2025-12-12> a diabetes:DailyGlucoseSummary ;
    cascade:schemaVersion "1.0-draft" ;
    cascade:dataProvenance cascade:ConsumerGenerated ;
    diabetes:summaryDate "2025-12-12"^^xsd:date ;

    # Time in Range metrics
    diabetes:timeInRange 78.5 ;           # 78.5% in 70-180
    diabetes:timeBelowRange 3.2 ;         # 3.2% below 70
    diabetes:timeAboveRange 18.3 ;        # 18.3% above 180
    diabetes:timeSeverelyLow 0.0 ;        # No dangerous lows
    diabetes:timeSeverelyHigh 2.1 ;       # 2.1% above 250

    # Statistical metrics
    diabetes:meanGlucose 142.3 ;          # mg/dL
    diabetes:standardDeviation 38.7 ;
    diabetes:coefficientOfVariation 27.2 ; # Good! (<36%)
    diabetes:gmi 6.8 ;                    # Estimated A1c
    diabetes:minGlucose 68.0 ;
    diabetes:maxGlucose 267.0 ;

    # Daily totals
    diabetes:totalDailyInsulin 42.5 ;     # units
    diabetes:totalBasalInsulin 24.0 ;
    diabetes:totalBolusInsulin 18.5 ;
    diabetes:totalCarbs 180 ;             # grams
    diabetes:sensorActivePercentage 96.5 ;

    # Provenance
    prov:wasGeneratedBy [
        a prov:Activity ;
        prov:startedAtTime "2025-12-12T23:59:00Z"^^xsd:dateTime
    ] .

Important Notes

  • Data Classification: Consumer wellness data (non-diagnostic)
  • Target Audience: Type 1, Type 2, Pre-diabetic, and Gestational diabetes patients
  • Primary Devices: CGMs (Dexcom, Libre), insulin pumps, glucose meters
  • Regulatory Status: Consumer health app, not medical device
  • Disclaimer: Data is for informational purposes only. Treatment decisions should be made in consultation with healthcare providers.

Provide Feedback

This vocabulary is in draft status. We welcome feedback on:

  • Missing properties or classes for your use case
  • Naming conventions and terminology
  • Healthcare standards alignment
  • Multi-device integration requirements

Submit Feedback